The loom model was unearthed at the scene. Photo court of Chengdu Museum

Cultural relics archive

Jacquard loom model unearthed from the Western Han Tomb of Laoguan Mountain

Heritage level: not rated

Unearthed time and place: Chengdu Guanguanshan in 2012

Collection unit: Chengdu Museum

In the second season of the just-concluded "National Treasure", the treasure of the town hall of the Xinjiang Museum, "Five Stars Out of the East, China", Han Jinjin, and the Chinese Silk Museum, which took three years to reproduce the brocade pattern, with gorgeous The pattern and superb weaving process surprised the audience. Zhao Feng, director of the China Silk Museum, introduced the model of the loom unearthed from the Tomb of Han Guanshan in Chengdu at the end of 2012. It is the key to copying the “Five Stars Out of the East”.

Zhao Feng’s looms model has been unearthed in four. The largest one is only 70 cm long, 50 cm high and 20 cm wide, but they are national treasures and treasures of the Chengdu Museum. One. They are the physical manifestation of the highest technology of the brocade handicraft industry two thousand years ago. It proves the historical facts of the large-scale production of brocade in Chengdu in the Han Dynasty. It also proves that it is the brocade of the world. It has a long history of weaving, a well-deserved reputation, and the textile industry in Sichuan. With the important position of the product on the Silk Road.

They are the world's first jacquard weaving machines discovered so far.

In December 2012, during the construction of Chengdu Metro Line 3, a Western Han tomb was discovered at the Tianhui Town site, and the Chengdu Cultural Relics and Archaeology Team immediately carried out rescue archaeological excavations. During the cleanup of the No. 2 tomb, archaeologists found four loom models in the mud at the bottom of the north side of the tomb. They are clear in shape, complex in structure, and there are silk threads and dyes remaining on the parts. According to the relevant silk weaving experts, the four looms are divided into two types, one is the sliding frame type one hook multi-style jacquard loom model, and the other is the connecting rod type one hook multi-seven jacquard loom model. The complete model of the Western Han Jacquard loom was first discovered in the country. And around the loom, there are a number of looms, different postures, it seems that different process operations are in progress.

The unearthing of the Laoguanshan loom attracted great attention from the academic community.

According to the historical records of the Chengdu Museum, Dr. Huang Xiaofeng has the reputation of “the mother of the world”. However, due to the humid climate, the Chengdu area has never unearthed the tapestry of this period. The treasure of the town hall of the Xinjiang Museum is “Five Stars Out of the East” brocade. When unearthed, many scholars speculated that it was a brocade made by the land, but could not find more evidence to support it. Many details of the brocade brocade need more materials to enrich and perfect.

The turning point occurred on the loom model unearthed from Laoguanshan. Huang Xiaofeng said that the experts have conducted in-depth research to confirm that they belong to the jacquard loom. The great thing about jacquard weaving machines is that it can compile and store a "binary" code similar to modern computers for looms through tens of thousands of wires. The “selection” of the workers during the textile is equivalent to programming the pattern and finally weaving the patterned brocade. The most amazing thing is that the Laoguanshan Han Tomb loom model has more than one programming method: the sliding frame and the connecting rod are two technical means, and the weaving patterns are different. "So, when the Laoguanshan Han tomb looms were unearthed, the academic circles gave high praise." Huang Xiaofeng said that the earliest jacquard weaving machines discovered in the world so far have proved that the brocade as the "mother of the world" is indeed well-deserved. Prior to this, China's archaeological excavations have been unearthed in Han Dynasty fabrics without tools. This archaeological discovery is of great significance to the history of Chinese textiles and the history of Chinese science and technology. They are a symbol of traditional wisdom and support the leading position of Chinese weaving technology in the history of textiles.

Loom technology restores the "five stars out of the East" brocade

How is the weaving skills of Laoguanshan Han Tomb Looms amazing? In 2013, the “Compass Plan” of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage began to try to restore the Han Dynasty jacquard jacquard machine based on it. Three years later, experts from the China Silk Museum copied the “Five Stars Out of the East” brocade with the restored loom.

What is the great thing about copying the "five stars out of the East"? Zhao Feng said that this piece of brocade reached 10,470 warp threads at a width of less than 50 centimeters and the density was very high. In the more than 20 years after the excavation of the cultural relics, people have copied its ornamentation, but most of the density is not up to the original. What is exciting is that after the reproduction of the Laoguanshan Han Tomb loom model technology, Wuxingjin finally reappeared in more than a year. Luo Qun, a researcher at the China Silk Museum responsible for this project, lamented, "We have only used the most advanced looms in the Han Dynasty to replicate the most complicated brocades of the Han Dynasty. It shows how brilliant the Sichuan ancestors created. Wang Chen, deputy director of the museum, revealed that she had personally studied the brocade armor of the “Five Stars Out of the East” in the archaeological excavation site of the Niya ancient city in Xinjiang. “The unique structure of each brocade is like its 'ID card', and the structure of the Han dynasty brocade is the five-fold plain brocade, which has remained unchanged for thousands of years.” According to this “identity card”, there is no doubt, “ Five-star out of the East China's "brocade armor produced from the land, is the brocade.

From the unearthing of the Laoguanshan Han Tomb loom model, the loom technology replicated the five-star brocade, one archaeological discovery and academic achievements, all pointing to the brocade weaving technology once led the country. Huang Xiaofeng said that according to the records of the unearthed Hanbei in Chengdu, Chengdu was listed as one of the five most economically developed cities in the country during the Han Dynasty. Lacquerware and brocade are the two most important types of handmade products. The literature also records that Sichuan in the Han and Tang Dynasties was one of the largest supply areas for Chinese silk. Although the academic community now believes that the starting point of the Silk Road is in Chang'an, the main source of silk is in Sichuan. The unearthing of the Laoguanshan Han Tomb loom model reshapes Sichuan's position on the Silk Road: Sichuan's silk and silk products are one of the most important commodities on the Silk Road, and the main line of the Silk Road is connected to Chengdu, Sichuan. Its important status is irreplaceable.

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